Запоры, синдрома раздражительного желудка (IBS), вздутие живота, боли в желудке

The Research Behind The Colonix Program

The fact that the Colonix Program works is no accident. Its ingredients, a special combination of herbs, were selected and carefully combined based on extensive scientific research. In addition, these herbs have been used for hundreds of years to safely and effectively cleanse the body on a regular basis. According to the World Health Organization 4 billion people, amounting to 80% of the worlds population, use herbal medicines for some aspect of primary healthcare. Below we have compiled some of the research highlights to provide information on each and every ingredient found in the Colonix Program.

Colonix^® Intestinal Cleanser

Psyllium Husks (Plantago ovata)

Psyllium husks, consisting of the ripe seeds or epidermis of Plantago ovata, grow in India, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, northern Africa, Spain, and the Canary Islands. It is cultivated in India and neighboring countries as well as in Brazil and Arizona. Psyllium seed husks are mainly used to clear up constipation and irritable bowel syndrome, though recent research suggests it may also have cholesterol-lowering properties.

What it is used for: An herbal mucilage, psyllium husks are used to coat and soothe the digestive tract. Psyllium is a proven bulking agent that swells into a gummy, gelatinous mass when it absorbs fluid in the intestines, thus lubricating the intestinal walls and encouraging peristalsis and defecation. Because psyllium contributes to the softening and forming of stool, it is useful in lessening the itching, bleeding, pain and other symptoms of hemorrhoids, constipation, and other bowel disorders. Psyllium is also used medicinally for diarrhea, acid indigestion, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and urethritis.

Research Highlights: Experts consider psyllium one of the safest laxatives known, in part because it works like many high-fiber foods. Human and animals studies have shown that psyllium is an active laxative with cholesterol lowering, anti-hypertensive and expectorant qualities. Preliminary studies also suggest its role in diabetes management: When it was taken before breakfast and dinner, the typical rise in glucose and insulin concentrations seen in people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2) was notably reduced in one study involving eighteen subjects. And while no well-designed studies have been conducted to verify it, many herbalists note that psyllium may help reduce the risk of colon cancer indirectly by bulking up the stool and thus allowing toxic chemicals to have less direct contact with the intestinal tissue. Among others, the following conducted studies11 have been revealed significant findings:

Daily consumption of 7 grams of psyllium significantly lowered fecal bile acids associated with colorectal cancer,

Psyllium treatment decreased the number of bleeding episodes in 50 hemorrhoid-suffering patients

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased in patients who had consumed 5.1 grams of psyllium husks twice daily for 26 weeks

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of psyllium husk treatment (3.6 grams/day) of 80 patients with IBS showed a global assessment improvement of 82% in the treatment group.

Note: Sufficient water must be taken with psyllium husks to prevent increased constipation and promote defecation. Additionally, psyllium should be taken 1 hour to 2 hours after taking other medications.

References:
1.PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 657.
2. Ibid.
3. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 120.
4. Tillotson, Alan Keith. The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook, Twin Streams Health/Kensignton Publishing Corp, ^©2001, pg. 79.
5. Peirce, Andrea. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practice Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 521.
6. Ibid.
7. Bown, Deni. The Herb Society of America New Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, DK Publishing, Inc., ^©2001, pg. 323.
8.PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 657.
9. Peirce, Andrea. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practice Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 522.
10. Ibid.
11.PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pp. 658-659.

Flax Seed (Linum usitatissimum)

Flax is cultivated worldwide for its many uses. The dry, ripe seeds of the flax plant are used medicinally. There are over 200 species of annual and perennial plants in the flax genus.

What it is used for: Flax seed is used to treat bowel conditions such as chronic constipation, irritable colon, diverticulitis, and colons damaged by the overuse and abuse of commercial laxatives. Because its volume increases after ingestion, flax seed helps initiate intestinal peristalsis. Additionally, it helps regulate the digestive tract by absorbing up to eight times its own weight in water and thus helping material to move more quickly through the intestines; some suggest that in the process of moving through the intestines, it may also bind to toxic substances and carry them out of the body. Though less well known, flax seed is also considered to have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective characteristics and effects.

Research Highlights: Flax has been shown in many studies to have beneficial effects in the human digestive system, but has also proven to have cholesterol-lowering and cardioprotective properties. In one study, flax seed reduced serum LDL cholesterol levels significantly. Another study highlighted its ability to lower serum lipids and inhibit coagulation. Additionally, research has confirmed the effectiveness of flax seed at treating inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis; one study found a reduction of arthritis-related cytokines by as much as 31%.

Note: Sufficient water must be taken with flax seed to prevent increased constipation and to promote defecation.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:103.
2. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 51.
3. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 329.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.

Fennel Seed (Foeniculum vulgare)

A relative of parsley and carrots, fennel originated in the Mediterranean region, where it can still be found growing wild. Today it is cultivated as a seed-bearing plant in temperate climates in both Europe and Asia. It is most often used medicinally for gastrointestinal complaints, flatulence, and in cases of poor appetite.

What it is used for: Fennel seeds help to rid the intestinal tract of mucus and aid in the relief of flatulence. In higher concentrations, it also exhibits an antispasmodic effect, and has proven useful for soothing cramps and spasms in the gastrointestinal tract. Seeds can be chewed for upset stomach, indigestion, and heartburn. Tea made from the seeds can be used to treat childrens colic.

Research Highlights: Fennel seeds contain anethole and fenchone, which have been shown in laboratory tests to break down secretions in the respiratory tract. These two components account for much of the seeds medicinal value. Anethol is an anti-spasmodic and therefore relieves cramps. Fenchone stimulates the appetite.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:15.
2. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 69.
3. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 317.
4. Foster, Steven and Hobbs, Christopher. Peterson Field Guides: Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Houghton Mifflin Company, ^©2002, pg. 125.
5. Ibid.
6. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 47.
7. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:15.

Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Native to southeast Europe and southwest Asia, licorice grows wild throughout many European nations and the Middle East. Only its roots fresh or dried are used medicinally. It is most often used to treat mucous membrane inflammation and to soothe coughs.

What it is used for: Licorice has anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, expectorant, antiplatelet, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. Licorice has a long history of successful use in the treatment of gastric ulcers. It may also be effective for a variety of infectious diseases. Modern uses of licorice include using it as a component in cold and flu remedies, for bronchitis, and in the treatment of hormonal issues, such as menopause and PMS.

Research Highlights: The two main constituents of licorice are glycyrrhizin and flavanoids. A preliminary trial found that chewable licorice tablets containing glycyrrhizin were just as effective at healing and maintaining stomach ulcers as a leading acid-blocking drug. Research also indicates that deglycyrrhizinated licorice may stimulate natural defense mechanisms that prevent the occurrence of ulcers by increasing the number of mucous-secreting cells in the digestive tract, thereby improving the quality of mucous, lengthening the intestinal cell life, and enhancing microcirculation in the gastrointestinal lining.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:140.
2. Ibid.
3. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 511.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. http://www.raleys.com/cfapps/healthnotesra/healthnotes.cfm?org=raleys&ContentID=2122006#Constituents
7. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 102.

Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis/capensis/vera)

From its origin in eastern and southern Africa, Aloe has migrated to America. Today it is primarily grown in subtropical areas of the United States and the West Indies. The leaves of the aloe plant contain its medicinal substances, which are used as a strong laxative and wound healer.

What it is used for: Probably best known for its ability to help heal burns, Aloe is also a potent laxative, easily stimulating the colon. In addition, it has astringent, emollient, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Applied topically it can heal burns and promote cell regeneration. Ingested, it helps to lower cholesterol, reduces inflammation, soothes stomach irritation and acts as a laxative.

Research Highlights: Clinical trials suggest that aloe vera helps to produce more frequent bowel movements, softer stools, and less laxative dependence. Another study found that burn injuries treated with aloe gel had an improved healing rate.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:6.
2. Ibid.
3. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 3.
4. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 89.
5. Ibid.
6. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 17.
7. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 19.

Grapefruit Pectin

Grapefruit contains pectin, which is a soluble fiber derived from the pulp and peel of the fruit that forms a gel-like substance in the intestinal tract. Medical practitioners agree that grapefruit pectin is hypercholesterolemic. It appears to be equal to or more effective than most popularly prescribed drugs for lowering cholesterol. Researchers have also discovered that grapefruit pectin reduces atheromatous plaque.

Research Highlights: In one study, guinea pigs administered grapefruit pectin reduced their cholesterol by 40% over only a six-week period. In other studies, animals fed a high-cholesterol diet plus grapefruit pectin had 24% narrowing of their arteries, while animals fed only the high-cholesterol diet had 45% narrowing. Human trials conducted with hypercholesterolemic subjects found that those who used grapefruit pectin and no other cholesterol lowering agents and without lifestyle modification significantly lowered total cholesterol and LDL while increasing HDL levels.

References:
1. http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=25
2. http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcl-049o.shtml
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcl-049o.shtml

Papaya Fruit (Carica papaya)

Papaya is a fruit native to eastern Central America and was cultivated long before the arrival of the Europeans. Since the 1800s, papaya has been grown in all tropical regions, with Hawaii and South Africa now the main exporters. An excellent source of antioxidants, papayas also contain not only vitamin E, but also more vitamin A than carrots and more vitamin C than oranges. Papaya fruit is also an excellent source of calcium, potassium, iron, B vitamins, and proteins. Along with these nutrients, what makes papaya useful medicinally is papain, an enzyme that assists in chemically transforming proteins into various amino acids, including arginine which influences the human growth hormone to increase muscle tone and decrease body fat. Papaya fruit is also used to treat heartburn, indigestion, and inflammatory bowel disorders.

Research Highlights: Research has shown that papain can be effective in fighting cancer as it breaks down a protein substance called fibrin, found on all cancer cells, and thus preventing metastasis, including inhibiting the growth of human breast cancer cells. Patients taking papaya enzymes have shown to recover faster from surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Research has also demonstrated that papaya fruit stimulates the appetite and aids digestion.

References:
1. http://www.innvista.com/health/foods/fruits/papayas.htm
2. Ibid.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 105.
4. http://www.innvista.com/health/foods/fruits/papayas.htm
5. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 105.

Slippery Elm Bark (Ulmus rubra)

Native to the eastern and central United States and eastern Canada, slippery elm is most commonly found in the Appalachian Mountains. The inner bark of the slippery elm tree contains the medicinal qualities which make it a useful remedy for indigestion, colds, sore throats, and skin wounds.

What it is used for: Slippery elm is often used as a demulcent and emollient; it is primarily indicated for treatment of irritated and inflamed mucous membranes such as can be found in the throat and digestive tract. Because it contains large amounts of mucilage which coat the surface of mucous membranes when it comes into contact with water it is often used for its mucilaginous comforting properties, for example, in the case of hemorrhoids. Slippery elm has also been used to treat diarrhea and ulcers. Other uses include treatment for Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, diverticulosis, diverticulitis, and gastritis.

Research Highlights: The inner bark contains mucilage, a mixture of polyuronides that removes toxins from mucous membranes and helps soothe them. Its other compounds include procyanidins, starch, and tannins. Little research has actually been conducted on slippery elm, but its use by native peoples and in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine has produced substantial body of anecdotal evidence. Its long history of use based on clinical experience suggest that conditions that seem to respond to slippery elm include: Sore throat, cough, mild respiratory ailments, gastritis, peptic ulcer, and other gastrointestinal conditions, diarrhea, wounds, burns, boils, and other skin conditions (external), and as a skin softener.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:99.
2. Ibid.
3. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 737.
4. Ibid.
5. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 241.
6. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 109.
7. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:99.
8. http://www.dukehealth.org/HealthLibrary/DrugsAndHerbs/Herbs/SlipperyElm/#References-Section

Marshmallow Root (Althea officinalis)

Marshmallow may have originated in Europe and central Asia and has probably been used by humans for thousands of years; pollen from a related species was found in 60,000-year-old Neanderthal grave. Today, it grows much throughout Europe and in many regions of North America. The part used medicinally is the root.

What it is used for: Marshmallow alleviates irritation, functions as an anti-inflammatory, immune stimulant, and has been shown to soothe mucous membranes. It aids the body in expelling excess fluid and mucous, soothes and heals skin, mucous membranes and other tissues, and is used in the treatment of bladder infections, digestive upsets, intestinal disorders and kidney problems.

Research Highlights: Research has found that the high mucilage content of marshmallow has demonstrated hypoglycemic activity in non-diabetic mice. Additionally, antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus aureus has been documented.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:90.
2. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 556.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 103.
4. http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com/index.php?id=108&findall=marshmallow
5. Ibid.

Rhubarb Root (Rheum officinale/palmatum)

Rheum palmatum, the easier of the rhubarb species to locate for medicinal purposes, is a plant native to western China and eastern Tibet; Rheum officinale is currently cultivated only in gardens in temperate regions of the world. There is also Rheum rhababrarum and R. rhapositum, which are garden varieties used mainly in cooking. Only rhubarbs taproot is used medicinally and it must be at least three years old, though it is suggested that roots six to ten years old are actually most effective.

What it is used for: Rhubarb is well known as a gentle laxative, especially suitable for children, because it is so mild. In addition, ingestion of rhubarb promotes secretions in the bowel and stomach and stimulates propulsive contractions while simultaneously increasing the water and electrolyte content of the stool. It is known to fight infection and help eliminate worms from the intestines, enhance gallbladder function and promote the healing of duodenal ulcers, and is helpful in the treatment of constipation.

Research Highlights: Rhubarb roots main constituents are anthraquinone glycosides, including rhein, physcion, emodin, chrysophanol and aloe-emodin, each of which has a laxative effect. Tannins, flavonoids, starches and calcium oxalate are also present.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:142.
2. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 128.
3. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:142.
4. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 171.
5. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 128.
6. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 107.
7. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:142.
8. Ibid.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Indigenous to the Mediterranean, this plant is now cultivated throughout the world. The entire flowering plant can be used medicinally, as can the germinating seeds.

What it is used for: Alfalfa alkalizes the body and aids in its detoxification, acts as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory and antifungal agent, and lowers cholesterol, balances blood sugar and promotes pituitary gland function. It is used in the treatment of anemia, arthritis, ulcers, bleeding-related disorders, and problems of the digestive system. An incredibly nutritive herb, alfalfa is also anti-rheumatic. It is also antilipidemic and exhibits prolactin-inhibiting effects.

Research Highlights: One study with diabetic mice confirmed that alfalfa exhibits blood sugar lowering effects. In another study, a derivative of alfalfa cured skin lesions of guinea pigs infected with a fungus (Trichophyton mentagrophytes); similar research showed it was effective as a treatment for candidiasis.

References:
1. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 11.
2. Ibid.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 88.
4. Ibid.
5. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 2.
6. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 11.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.

Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)

Guar gum originated from India, Australia, South Africa and the United State, and is native to the Indian subcontinent. The entire plant can be used medicinally.

What it is used for: Guar gum is particularly useful for regulating digestion and in cases of diarrhea., A bulking agent, it is also useful in promoting a feeling of satiety.

References:
1. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 418.
2. Ibid.
3. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 419.
4. http://www.answers.com/topic/antidiarrhoeal?hl=guar&hl=gum

Peppermint Leaf (Mentha peperita)

First identified in England in 1696, peppermint is a common medicinal herb. Only the leaves are used medicinally; they are often used in pharmaceutical products.

What it is used for: Peppermint increases the acidity of the stomach, thereby aiding digestion. It has a slight anesthetizing effect on the mucous membranes and the gastrointestinal tract. It is useful in the treatment of diarrhea, indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, nausea, poor appetite, and spasms. It is also well known to be anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antimicrobial, and a safe stimulant. It is often included in herbal remedies and blends because its aromatic quality renders such concoctions more acceptable to the body, more digestible, and actually helps increase the assimilation and utilization by the bodys major systems.

Research Highlights: Numerous studies have elucidated the medicinal value of peppermint. In one double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, patients with nonulcerative dyspepsia were given an herbal remedy consisting of peppermint and caraway oil. Both primary and secondary analyses indicated the superiority of the peppermint/caraway blend. Another study found that patients using peppermint experienced fewer spasms when undergoing barium enemas. There is also some indication that peppermint can help clear up gallstones; an uncontrolled study involving 31 patients saw a total stone resolution in 73% of the cases when a peppermint derivative was taken regularly.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:16.
2. Ibid.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 106.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 72.
7. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 103.
8. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 629.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.

Uva Ursi Leaf (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

Grown in northern Europe, the Alps, northern Asia and North America, uva ursi can be found in light, dry pine and larch forests, in dwarf-shrub areas, in bogs, and in the mountains among dwarf pines. Only the leaves finely chopped or coarsely ground are used for medicinal purposes.

What it is used for: Traditionally, uva ursi has been used to help clear up urinary tract infections. It is a potent antibiotic and diuretic, and it is also high in astringent tannins. It is good for disorders of the spleen, liver, pancreas, and small intestine, and useful for bladder and kidney infections and prostate disorders. It is also antimicrobial.

Research Highlights: Uva ursi had a prophylactic effect on recurrent cystitis in a double-blind, randomized study. None of the patients who took the uva ursi-containing supplement provided had a recurrence, compared to 23% of those who received a placebo. Another study conducted on rats proved uva ursis diuretic effect. The most medically significant compound in uva ursi seems to be arbutin, which, when transformed by the body into hydroquinone, acts as a strong disinfectant.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:24.
2. Ibid.
3. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 151.
4. Ibid.
5. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 111.
6. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 848.
7. Ibid.
8. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 849.
9. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:24.

Paranil

Black Walnut Hulls (Juglans nigra)

Black walnut trees can be found in many regions of the United States. Their hulls contain a number of medicinally active ingredients, the most important of which are juglone, tannins, and iodine.

What it is used for: Black walnut hulls have been used by Asians and some Native American tribes to expel various kinds of intestinal worms. In addition, this herbal remedy aids digestion, acts as a laxative, and has proven useful for the treatment of bruises, fungal infections, herpes, poison ivy, and warts. In general, it acts as a strong vermifuge, laxative, and tonic.

Research Highlights: Research has shown the active compound juglone to have antifungal activity against the Candida albicans yeast. One study conducted on 160 rats, suggests that black walnut hulls may contain antitumor agents, especially helpful for the treatment of intestinal cancer. In a controlled and blinded study, juglone was also shown to have mild sedative effects in mice.

References:
1. http://www.drclark.net/info/blackwalnut.pdf
2. http://www.viable-herbal.com/singles/herbs/s130.htm
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 90.
4. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 142.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.

Wormwood Powder (Artemisia absinthium)

Wormwood grows in many parts of Europe, in northern Africa, parts of Asia and in North and South America. Primarily its aerial shoots and leaves are used medicinally and often in conjunction with black walnut hulls for the expulsion of parasites.

What it is used for: Wormwood has appetite-stimulating and wound-healing effects, as well as being anticancer and antiparasitic in nature. It is also useful in the treatment of loss of appetite and in liver, gallbladder, gastric, and vascular disorders.

Research Highlights: Research indicates that the compounds in wormwood help dispel parasites by causing free-radical damage to parasite membranes. Other studies have concluded that wormwood can be equally effective as quinine in treating malaria. Another study found that wormwood was one hundred percent effective in clearing malarial parasites from the body.

References:
1. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 894.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 112.
5. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 895.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.

Pau DArco Powder (Tabebuia heptaphylla)

Pau DArco can be found from northern Mexico to northern Argentina. Only its inner bark is used medicinally.

What it is used for: Pau DArco is well known as an antibacterial and antiviral agent. It cleanses the blood, is a viable treatment for all kinds of infections, and is helpful for inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, and ulcers. It is also useful for enhancing liver function.

Research Highlights: The key ingredient in Pau DArco is lapachol. Studies of lapachol have indicated promise in destroying cancer cells. Pau DArco bark has also been used to treat fungal infections, yeast infections, smokers cough, warts, and acne. Antimicrobial properties of many of Pau D'Arco's active phytochemicals were demonstrated in several clinical studies, in which they exhibited strong activity against bacteria, fungi, and yeast including Candida, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and dysentery. Its antiparasitic actions against various parasites (including malaria, schistosoma, and trypanosoma) have been confirmed as well.

References:
1. http://www.answers.com/pau%20d'arco
2. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 105.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. http://www.herbalremedies.com/paudarco.html
6. Ibid.
7. http://www.rain-tree.com/paudarco.htm
8. Ibid.

Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita pepo)

Native to Central and North America, pumpkins are very rarely found growing in the wild today. It is cultivated mainly in temperate regions of North America.1 Only its seeds dry or roasted are used medicinally.

What it is used for: Pumpkin seeds are useful in the treatment of prostate disorder and irritable bladder. In traditional Asian medicine, the seeds are also used to treat worms and diabetes. The seeds also appear to have anti-inflammatory properties.

Research Highlights: The fatty oils in pumpkin seeds contain linoleic acid, which is helpful in promoting healthy prostate function and in lessening the chance of bladder infection and irritable bladder. Complementary and alternative medical practitioners have used pumpkin seeds to expel intestinal parasites, particularly tape worm.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:133.
2. Ibid.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 106.
4. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 124.
5. Ibid.
6. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:133.
7. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 664.

Clove Bud Powder (Syzygium aromaticum)

The clove tree is native to the Molucca Islands of Indonesia, once considered part of the famed Spice Islands. They are also grown in the African countries of Mozambique, Tanzania, and Madagascar. The flower buds and their stems are used medicinally, frequently finely ground.

What it is used for: Cloves are most frequently used as a local anesthetic in dentistry. It also has antiseptic and antiparasitic properties and can act as a digestive aid.

Research Highlights: Cloves contain up to 22 percent volatile oil, which makes it effective at treating topical pain. This high amount of volatile oil also makes clove a useful digestive aid, and gives it antispasmodic and antibacterial properties. Preclinical evaluations suggest that cloves are useful in the treatment of worms, viruses, Candida, and various bacterial and protozoan infections.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:71.
2. Ibid.
3. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pg. 28.
4. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 94.
5. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:71.
6. Ibid.
7. http://www.herbalremedies.com/cloves.html

Male Fern Root Powder (Dryopteris filix-mas)

Male fern is found in every state of the western United States and in northeastern North America. Its roots are used medicinally.

What it is used for: Male fern root is one of the most potent remedies ever known for tape worm. The oleo-resin paralyzes the muscles of the worm so it cannot adhere to the walls of the intestines. It is also used effectively against other intestinal parasites such as band worms and liver flukes.

References:
1. Foster, Steven and Hobbs, Christopher. Peterson Field Guides: Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Houghton Mifflin Company, ^©2002, pg. 377.
2. Ibid.
3. http://www.herbalremedies.com/malefern.html
4. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 542.

Grapefruit Seed Extract (Citrus paradisi)

Grapefruit Seed extract (also known as GSE), is a potent infection-fighter, first used by farmers to inhibit the growth of mold on their equipment. Claims that GSE could fight infections in people promoted interest within the dietary supplement industry, and GSE products started to appear in health-food stores. GSE is sometimes called citrus seed extract.

What it is used for: Grapefruit seed has been used in the treatment of vaginal yeast infections caused by Candida, and it is also effectively used to kill strep, staph, salmonella, E. coli, influenza, parasites, herpes, fungi and traveler's diarrhea. There is some indication that grapefruit seed extract also helps heal ulcers.

References:
1. http://www.herbalremedies.com/grapefruit.html
2. Ibid.
3. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/106/108060.htm

False Unicorn Root (Chamaelirium luteum)

This perennial herb is native to North American and found east of the Mississippi. Only its dried rhizomes and roots are used medicinally.

What it is used for: Though recently used to treat both menstrual complaints and prostate issues, Native American tribes employed it as a cure-all for cough, colic, stomach upset, intestinal worms, fever, and pain. It is also used as a diuretic, is helpful in expelling worms from the intestinal tract, and can stimulate the appetite and relieve the nausea and vomiting that accompany pregnancy.

Research Highlights: Research has revealed that false unicorn root contains steroidal saponins, which account for its ability to affect hormonal activity in the body.

References:
1. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 258.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. http://www.herbalremedies.com/falseunicorn.html
5. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 258.

Myrrh Gum (Commiphora molmol)

Myrrh trees grow in northeastern Africa and the Arabian peninsula. Only its sap a pale yellow-white liquid is dried and used medicinally.

What it is used for: Myrrh acts as an antiseptic, disinfectant, expectorant, and deodorizer. It stimulates the immune system and tones and stimulates mucous tissue, as well. Taken internally, myrrh is said to relieve gas, indigestion, ulcers and nasal and bronchial congestion.

Research Highlights: Studies indicate that when it comes into contact with the skin, myrrh helps to increase the amount of infection-fighting white blood cells. Studies with rodents indicate that myrrh also has anti-inflammatory, fever-lowering, immune-system-stimulating, painkilling and possibly blood-sugar-lowering properties.

References:
1. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 449.
2. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:97.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 104.
4. Ibid.
5. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 449.
6. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:97.
7. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 450.

Garlic Bulb Powder (Allium sativum)

For more than 5,000 years, garlic has been valued for its healing properties and its ability to increase the bodys strength and energy. Garlics fleshy bulb is the only part used medicinally.

What it is used for: Garlic assists the body in detoxification, protects against infection by enhancing the immune system, and is effective in treating nearly any disease or infection. It is antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, and hypercholesterolemic. Specific ailments for which garlic is used include colds, coughs, ringworm, asthma, intestinal worms, fever, and digestive, gallbladder and liver disorders.

Research Highlights: The sulfur found in garlics essential oils makes it a potent disinfectant and a good defense for killing germs in the body. After it is ingested, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and then diffused through various organs. Research indicates that the presence of allicin and allyl sulfide (active compounds in garlic) successfully eliminates intestinal parasites; roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms and hookworms are all equally affected. Garlic has scored high in marks in most of the more than 2,000 studies of the herb done worldwide.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 6:7.
2. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 97.
3. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pp. 344-46 .
4. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 283
5. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 6:7.
6. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 230.
7. Armstrong, David. Herbs That Work, Ulysses Press, ^©2001, pp. 53-4.

Hyssop Leaf (Hyssopus officinalis)

Native to southern Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, hyssop is now naturalized in North American and grown throughout the world. The leaves, stems, and flowers are all used medicinally and can be harvested throughout the year.

What it is used for: Hyssop is known to be antimicrobial, anthelminitic, antiviral, and mildly spasmolytic. It also promotes expulsion of mucous from the respiratory tract, relieves congestion, and dispels gas. Hyssop is also said to be good for circulatory problems, epilepsy, fever, gout, and weight problems.

Research Highlights: Preliminary research indicates hyssop may be useful in the treatment of cold sores and genital herpes, and may also be influential in fighting the HIV virus. Hyssop contains volatile oils, which calm the nervous system and have antispasmodic and expectorant properties. The plants tannins are astringent and anti-inflammatory, and marrubiin, a bitter compound found in the herb, promotes proper digestion.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:138.
2. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 455.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 100.
4. http://www.herbalremedies.com/hyssop.html
5. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 353.
6. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:138.

Turmeric Root (Curcuma longa/domestica)

A member of the ginger family, the root of the turmeric plant has been treasured by Ayurveda and by Chinese medicine for centuries. Only the root is used medicinally, frequently ground to a fine powder.

What it is used for: Turmeric is anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, and increases the bodys ability to utilize insulin effectively. It also protects the liver against toxins, aids circulation, lowers cholesterol levels and has anticancer properties. In addition, turmeric has antihepatotoxic, antihyperlipidemic, antithrombotic, antiturmoral, and antimicrobial properties. All these make turmeric helpful in the treatment of diarrhea, worms, kidney inflammation, cystitis, flatulence, and inflammatory skin conditions.

Research Highlights: Preliminary studies have shown this herb may be helpful in the treatment of osteoarthritis, may prevent the blockage of arteries (atherosclerosis), and may help eliminate roundworms and intestinal worms. Test-tube and animal studies suggest turmeric may also be a valid treatment for arthritis and certain kinds of cancers.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 6:18.
2. Ibid.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 110.
4. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 843.
5. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 844.
6. http://www.herbalremedies.com/turmeric.html
7. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 639.

Gentian Root (Gentiana lutea)

Gentian is found in Europes central and southern mountainous areas; it does not grow wild in the United States. Only the dried, chopped roots are used medicinally.

What it is used for: Gentian aids digestion, stimulates the appetite, reduces flatulence, and kills plasmodia and worms. It may also play a part in normalizing the function of the thyroid.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:52.
2. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 97.
3. http://www.herbalremedies.com/gentian.html

Peppermint Leaf Powder (Mentha peperita)

First identified in England in 1696, peppermint is a common medicinal herb. Only the leaves are used medicinally; they are often used in pharmaceutical products.

Fenugreek Seed Powder (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Fenugreek grows wild in the eastern Mediterranean region, including North Africa, as well as in the Near East and China; in the United States it is cultivated as a garden plant. Only the plants small seeds have a medicinal use.

What it is used for: Externally, fenugreek acts as an emollient; internally, it reduces blood sugar and exhibits a lipid-lowering effect. It also acts as a laxative, lubricates the intestines, and helps lower cholesterol levels. Anecdotal evidence suggests it is a viable treatment for intestinal gas, diarrhea and other stomach upsets, tuberculosis, fever, and sore throat.

Research Highlights: The seeds contain a good proportion of mucilage and protein, as well as fatty oils, amino acids, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, and vitamins A and B. Because of their mucilage content, fenugreek seeds can protect the mucous membranes of the stomach and relieve gastric irritations. Small studies also indicate the plants ability to lower blood sugar levels.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:45.
2.PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 318.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 97.
4. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 262.
5. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:45.
6. Ibid.
7. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 263.

Elecampane Plant (Innula helenium)

Though native to Europe and Asia, elecampane is now cultivated worldwide. Only the roots of the plants at least a year old are used medicinally.

What it is used for: Elecampane has been shown to be antibiotic, antifungal, antimicrobial and antitumoral. It can be used as a supplement to aid digestion and anecdotal evidence suggests it is useful in the treatment of parasites. The U.S. Pharmacopoeia once listed the dried root as a remedy for digestive, liver, and respiratory ailments.

Research Highlights: The roots of the elecampane plant contain essential oils which stimulate digestion and reduce inflammation. In animal studies, specific compounds from the plan have been shown to lower blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Additionally, test-tube and animal studies suggest that may fight bacteria and fungi and have anticancer properties.

References
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:162.
2. Ibid.
3. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 274.
4. http://www.herbalremedies.com/elecampane.html
5. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 242.
6. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:162.
7. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 242.
8. Ibid.

Prickley Ash Bark Powder (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis/americanum)

A plant found in North America, prickley ash was used widely by some Native American tribes. Both the bark and berries are used medicinally.

What it is used for: Anecdotal evidence supports the use of prickley ash bark for the treatment of rheumatism, to circulate stimulation, as an antispasmodic, and to treat both diarrhea and flatulence. Additionally, it has been used to treat toxic shock syndrome, leg ulcers and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.

Research Highlights: Little scientific information has been collected on the medicinal uses of prickley ash bark. Small studies involving rats suggest that the plant may have anti-inflammatory and painkilling properties. Studies have also found extensive antibacterial and antifungal (especially against Candida) microbial properties.

References:
1. http://www.herbalremedies.com/pricklyash1.html
2. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 515.
3. Ibid.
4. http://www.herbalremedies.com/pricklyash1.html
5. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 516.
6. Ibid.

Yellow Dock Powder (Rumex crispus)

Yellow dock is indigenous to Europe and Africa, but grows wild in many regions of the world. Its dried rhizomes and roots are used medicinally.

What it is used for: Yellow dock is a good blood purifier and cleanser, improves colon and liver function, and acts as a general tonic. It has alterative, antibacterial, antibiotic, and astringent properties. Anecdotal evidence suggests it is well suited to be used as a laxative, as well as a treatment for venereal diseases.

Research Highlights: Experts have deemed yellow dock an effective laxative because of the presence of well-known chemicals in the plant called anthraquinones, which stimulate bowel movement. Research also suggests that extracts of the herb have shown to have slightly antibacterial properties.

References:
1. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 902.
2. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 112.
3. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 316.
4. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 682.
5. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 683.
6. Ibid.

KleriTea

Senna Leaf (Senna spp.)

Most senna sold in the United States is called Alexandrian senna, which is actually a blend of three species of senna that originated in Africa. A different species, Senna marilandica, grows wild from New England to North Carolina. Only its leaves, fresh or dried, are used medicinally.

What it is used for: In general, senna is recognized as a superb laxative. It offers pain relief from constipation and works to empty the bowels. Native American tribes also used the herb to treat fever.

Research Highlights: Sennas success as a laxative is due to its anthraquinone glycosides, which both limit fluid loss in the colon (making stools softer), and cause the intestinal muscles to contract strongly. A randomized, single-blind study involving over five hundred participants validated sennas use as a laxative and proved it was better tolerated (than traditional laxatives) by some patients. Another randomized trial found that senna emptied prospective colonoscopy patients better than other laxative products and with significantly less fluid required.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:42.
2. Ibid.
3. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 590.
4. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:42.
5. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 726.
6. Ibid.

Chamomile Flower (Matricaria recutita; Chamaemelum nobile)

There are two major forms of chamomile used in the United States German and Roman but they are used interchangeably and are recognized as having the same medicinal qualities. Chamomile is native to the Near East and to southern and eastern Europe, though it grows today all throughout the world. Only the flower heads and the first two or three inches of the stem are used medicinally.

What it is used for: A versatile herbal remedy, chamomile reduces inflammation, aids digestion, acts as a diuretic and nerve tonic, and is helpful in aiding relaxation and sleep. It also has antispasmodic, carminative, antibacterial and antimycotic properties.

Research Highlights: Research has been able to isolate and document the tonus effect of several chamomile extracts on uterine tissue. Additionally, research investigating the antitumor and anticancer properties of chamomile has always met with positive results. Probably the most important of chamomiles active compounds, a sesquiterpene alcohol called alpha-bisabolol has been proved to have several beneficial properties: Experiments with rats have proven it fights fever; similar studies indicate that it inhibits the development of gastric ulcers and speeds healing in ulcers already present; it stimulates the immune system; and it decreases the surface area of wounds and helps them heal more quickly.

References:
1. http://www.herbalremedies.com/chamomile.html
2. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:20.
3. Ibid.
4. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 93.
5. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 110.
6. Ibid.
7. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 205.
8. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pp. 156-57.

Fennel Seed (Foeniculum vulgare)

Fennel can still be found growing wild in the Mediterranean, where it originated, but today it is also cultivated worldwide. While the leaves and roots of the fennel plant can be used medicinally, its seeds are most often used in natural remedies.

What it is used for: Fennel is useful for promoting the functioning of the kidneys, liver, and spleen, and also for clearing the lungs. It relieves abdominal pain, helps with colon disorders and gas, and is useful in treating gastrointestinal tract spasms. Fennel seeds are very useful in promoting gastrointestinal mobility and in high concentrations, also exhibit an antispasmodic affect.

Research Highlights: Research indicates that the volatile oils in fennel seeds is effective at reducing stomach spasms and relaxing the lining of the digestive tract. Additionally, a substance in fennel oil estragole appears to act in the body much like the female hormone estrogen, lending substance to fennels traditional use for promoting menstruation, boosting mothers milk production, and increasing the female sex drive. German health authorities cite evidence that the herb can dissolve mucous secretions in the respiratory tract and has mild expectorant properties.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:15.
2. Ibid.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 96.
4. Ibid.
5. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 317.
6. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 260.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.

Peppermint Leaf (Mentha peperita)

First identified in England in 1696, peppermint is a common medicinal herb. Only the leaves are used medicinally; they are often used in pharmaceutical products.

Rose Hip Fruit (Rosa canina/gallica/rugosa/villosa/spp.)

Rose bushes and shrubs, which grow freely throughout the United States, are actually native to Europe, northern Africa and western and central Asia. The fleshy fruit of the rose, known as the rose hip, can be used fresh or dried for medicinal purposes.

What it is used for: Rose hips are probably best known for their high vitamin C content. In the past, however, they have been used as a laxative, diuretic and skin astringent and as a treatment for headache, mouth sores, and numerous other ailments. Today, rose hips are known to be useful in treating bladder problems and all manner of infections. One source recommends rose his tea is especially useful in the treatment of diarrhea.

Research Highlights: Beyond their high vitamin C content, rose hips also contain such health-promoting substances as carotenoids, fruit acids, and pectin. The fruit acids and pectin may have a slight laxative effect, and the rose hips antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties also make them useful as a mild disinfectant.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:5.
2. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 549.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 107.
4. Ibid.
5. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:5.
6. Ibid.

Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum/spp.)

Cinnamon is one of the worlds oldest known spices, used medicinally in Egypt and by Chinese herbalists as early as 2700 B.C. The bark of the exotic cinnamomum trees found in the West Indies and Asia is used medicinally.

What it is used for: Cinnamon relieves diarrhea and nausea, counteracts congestion, and enhances digestion, especially the metabolism of fats. A component of the barks volatile oil, cinnmaldehyde, is antibacterial and fungistatic. Cinnamon is also used to treat stomach upset, gas, rheumatism, kidney ailments and abdominal pain.

Research Highlights: Test-tube and animal studies prove cinnamons carminative properties. Similar studies have also indicated that cinnamon kills microbes, fungi, viruses, bacteria and larvae; in one study, three of five individuals experienced an improvement in their oral candidiasis after taking a commercial cinnamon preparation for one week.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 6:14.
2. Ibid.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 94.
4. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 200.
5. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 175.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.

Buckthorn Bark (Rhamnus purshiana)

Also known as Cascara sagrada, this small- to medium-sized wild tree grows in the American Northwest. Only the bark is used medicinally.

What it is used for: Buckthorn bark is known as an exceptional laxative, having earned its official and enduring status in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in 1890. It acts as a colon cleanser effective for colon disorders, constipation, and parasitic infestation.

Research Highlights: Studies involving elderly patients suggest that buckthorn bark treatment, when compared to a placebo, leads to relief of constipation and increased bowel movement. The results of one study suggest certain buckthorn preparations my inhibit lymphocytic leukemia. Basic research in Europe has determined that the active principles of buckthorn bark are not released in the stomach, but in the small intestine; from that point, their next major locus of activity is in the large intestine, and to a lesser extent in the rectum.

References:
1. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 142.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 92.
5. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 162.
6. Mowrey, Daniel. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine, Keats Publishing, ^©1986, pg. 60.
7. Ibid.

Ginger Root (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger is native to Asia, Africa, and the West Indies, and is cultivated in other tropical regions. Only the rhizome and roots are used medicinally; optimal medicinal effects when ginger is harvested at eight months.

What it is used for: Ginger may be best known for its ability to reduce nausea, stomachache and motion sickness. It also fights inflammation, cleanses the colon, reduces spasms and cramps, and stimulates circulation. It has strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In Chinese medicine, it is often used to treat flatulence, indigestion, headaches and migraines, rheumatic pain and kidney ailments. Ginger is also known to have antiemetic, antilipid, antitumor, antithrombotic, and cardiotonic medicinal properties.

Research Highlights: Clinical trials of ginger have confirmed its use for nausea and vomiting: in a study evaluating oral treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea, it was significantly more effective than placebo; a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 120 women that underwent gynecologic outpatient surgery found that those who took ginger had a statistically significant lower incidence of nausea and vomiting; a double-blind, randomized study involving 80 new naval cadets unaccustomed to sea travel indicated that ginger was statistically superior to placebo for individual symptoms of vomiting and cold sweating.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:89.
2. Ibid.
3. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 98.
4. Ibid.
5. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 288.
6. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pp. 362-63.
7. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pp. 363-64.

Milk Thistle Seed (Silybum marianum)

Though now found all over the United States, milk thistle was native to the Mediterranean, Asia Minor and North Africa. Only its seeds are used for medicinal purposes, and should be harvested near the end of the growing season.

What it is used for: In recent times, milk thistle has become nearly synonymous with liver health. This is due to its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and liver regenerative properties. Anecdotal evidence suggests it is also useful in treating mild digestive disorders, gallbladder issues and phlebitis. It is also suggested as a treatment for adrenal disorders, inflammatory bowel disorders, psoriasis, and weakened immune system, and has shown anticancer effects in the case of prostate and breast cancer.

Research Highlights: Clinical trials have proven milk thistle seeds usefulness in treating liver cirrhosis associated with chronic alcohol abuse or viruses. In animal, in vitro, and clinical studies, the primary action of one of the seeds compounds (silymarin) as an antioxidant has been shown to protect the kidneys as well as the liver. Research also indicates the ability of silymarin to encourage the regeneration of liver cells by stimulating protein synthesis, thus activating the livers ability to regenerate itself through increased formation of new liver cells called hepatocytes.

References:
1. The Complete Guide to Natural Healing, International Masters Publishers, AB. ^©2000, 1:111.
2. Ibid.
3. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 567.
4. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 432.
5. Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ^©2000, pg. 103.
6. PDR For Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition, Thompson PDR, ^©2004, pg. 567.
7. Ibid.
8. Peirce, A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ^©1999, pg. 433.

Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis)

Also known as Purple Passion Fruit, it is grown all over the world and produces an egg-sized fruit filled with tart, bright orange pulp The pulp is often eaten fresh and the seed are edible.

What it is used for: The fruit pulp is both a stimulant and tonic. Anecdotal evidence from South America suggests it is also useful as a mild sedative.

Research Highlights: Research conducted at the University of Florida have indicated that yellow passion fruit extracts can kill cancer cells in vitro; the phytochemicals which are responsible for this anti-cancer effect are carotenoids and polyphenols.

References:
1. http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/passionfruit.htm
2. Ibid.
3. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Passiflora+edulis&CAN=COMIND
4. http://www.phytochemicals.info/plants/passion-fruit.php
5. Ibid.

Uva Ursi Leaf (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)